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То, что мы НЕ изучаем Explain: логические схемы и мудрость картоидов Если хочешь - возьми и разберись Knowledge® 2006 - это мы изучаем !!! ... Map & Portal to Human Knowledge Research & Development: Chaim Zins I recently came across an interesting web site by Chaim Zins, who has developed a map of human knowledge: http://www.success.co.il/knowledge/index.html Knowledge 2006: Maps & Portals to Human Knowledge His illustrations are very pretty, and I think that his classifications are about as good as any other. They''re well thought out, and they''re more comprehensive than any of the formalized ontologies. But it''s not a formal system that could support automated reasoning. That illustrates the current state of the art: 1. There are many interesting, but informal classifications of everything. 2. Some of them are very well done, but none of them are sufficiently formalized to support automated reasoning. 3. There are many interesting formal ontologies, but none of them cover as much ground as some of the best informal systems. 4. Some of the formal and informal systems are clearly worse than others, but there are no good criteria for determining what a good classification could, would, or should be. And most importantly, 5. There is no evidence that an ideal comprehensive system of everything could exist that would subsume all the rest. 6. Even if it should be possible to give an existence proof that an ideal classification is possible, there are no criteria for determining whether any particular system is on track toward that ideal or whether it is a dead end. Therefore, my recommendation is that we keep all options open. Encourage people to develop any versions of formal or informal ontologies they may feel are valuable, and record them in a metadata registry of options. Then instead of trying to impose any kind of de jure standard, allow de facto standards to evolve out of patterns of usage -- i.e., show all the options, list all the known advantages and disadvantages of each, and let the users decide on local standards for a given subfield or set of tasks. I believe that such a bottom-up evolution is practical for the short term and theoretically sound for the long term. John Sowa - конкретно - понял?! ... |
